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2.2.1 Newtonian Fluids 17
2.2.2 Generalized Newtonian Fluids . 18
2.2.3 Linear Viscoelastic Models . 19
2.2.4 Viscoelastic Fluid Models 20
2.3 Time–Temperature Superposition 28
2.4 The Pressure–Volume–Temperature (PVT) Relation . 32
2.5 Lubrication Approximation . 33
3 Mold Filling and Post Filling 35
3.1 Hele-Shaw Equation . 35
3.1.1 Flow in Thin Cavity of Arbitrary
In-plane Dimensions 353.1.2 Axisymmetric Flow in a Tube . 41
3.2 Frozen Layer . 41
3.3 Mold Deformation . 42
3.4 Wall Slip . 44
4 Crystallization . 47
4.1 Introduction . 47
4.2 Crystallization Kinetics . 48
4.2.1 The Kolmogoroff-Avrami Model . 48
4.2.2 Growth Rate 49
4.2.3 Nuclei Number Density 51
4.2.4 Molecular Orientation . 55
4.3 Effect of Crystallization on Physical Properties . 56
4.3.1 Effect of Crystallization on Rheology 56
4.3.2 Effect of Crystallization on
Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relations 58
4.3.3 Effect of Crystallization on Thermal Conductivity . 59
4.4 Influence of Colorants 60
4.5 Molecular Dynamics Simulation . 63
5 Flow-Induced Alignment in Short-Fiber Reinforced Polymers 65
5.1 Concentration Regimes of Fiber Suspensions 65
5.2 Evolution Equations 66
5.2.1 Jeffery’s Orbit 66
5.2.2 Orientation Characterization . 67
5.2.3 Fiber–Fiber Interactions 68
5.3 Closure Approximations . 70
5.3.1 Linear Closure 70
5.3.2 Quadratic Closure 71
5.3.3 Hybrid Closure 71