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Abstract Jilin Province is one of the principal production bases of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China with its typical preponderance in TCM resources, research and development power, and industrialization capacity. The province has 2,790 species of TCM materials in total. Over 20% of the TCM materials in common use are from Jilin Province. The province has established 36 good agricultural practice bases for 22 typical TCMs. The overall situation, in terms of collection, processing, and preparation, and the implementation of good agricultural practice of TCM materials in Jilin Province are summarized.35747
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1. Introduction
To strengthen the quality control of medicinal materials, the World Health Organization developed its guidelines for good agricultural and collection practices for medicinal plants in 2003， in which the quality standard of “quality, safety and efficiency” was established. In 1996, China worked out its plan for developing the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), production based on standardization, internationalization, and technique updating with the policy of succession, innovation, and leap forward development. Modernization of TCM production is an integrated development realized in the combination of the TCM knowledge with modern high technology. The key connotation of the modernization is assured efficiency, safety and quality.
The patent Chinese medicine production takes the processing of medicinal materials as the first step in which material quality must be guaranteed. To standardize the production of TCM material, its quality is to be guaranteed, and facilitate the standardization of TCMs and realize “safe, efficient, stable and controllable” quality standards; China developed its guidelines of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) for TCM materials in 2002 and put it into force on June 1st of the same year.
2. General background for GAP implementation of TCM in Jilin Province
In China, there was an urgent need to deal with the overexploitation of medicinal herbs. Due to the overexploitation, the reserves and output of wild medicinal plants were rapidly decreasing. According to world statistics, China received only a sales value of US$600 million, only 3% international market. The loss in herbal products sales value has been attributed to the improper efforts given on quality control and standardization. In China, there are no uniform standardizations and specifications in the cultivation of herbs to ensure the herbal quality. GAP emerged as the best ways to protect the medicinal plant resource for sustainable development during herbs growth. GAP is of fundamental importance for modernization of TCM. With the GAP to be carrying out perfectly, herbal products sales value increased with the improvement of the quality of herbs. Meanwhile, good manufacturing practice (GMP), good laboratory practice of drug (GLP), good clinical practice (GCP) became more meaningful.
Jilin Province, the geometric center of northeast Asia, lies in the central part of northeast China, neighboring the far east of Russia and Korean peninsula to its east and southeast and with Japan on the other side of the Sea of Japan. The overall features of Jilin Province can be summarized in three statistics of approximately 2%: 187,400 km2 of territory (1.95% of the nation); 27 million of population (2.08% of the nation); and 295.8 billion of gross domestic product (1.81% of the nation).
Jilin Province is the principal TCM base of China with its typical preponderance in TCM resources, research and development power, and industrialized capacity. By the end of 2004, the submission of patent TCM of Jilin Province reached 10% of the total value of the whole nation. Both the profit and taxation of patent TCM rank the province the first place in China [7,8]. The Changbai Mountain, designated by the United Nations as a “human and biosphere” natural preservation land, has long been known as “land of ginseng” and “land of Sika deer”. This mountainous area is the gene pool of TCM in Northern China, and is abundant in organic and precious TCM materials. The volcanoes in this area erupted frequently in the past, and the dust and ashes from those eruptions fertilized the soil and nourished the forest coverage amounting 78% of the whole area. Tianchi (Paradise Lake) on top of its highest peak is the head of three famous rivers named Songhua, Tumen, and Yalu. The fine ecological environment has naturally endowed the area with abundant TCM materials. Here you can collect rare wild herbal medicinal materials such as ginseng (Radix Ginseng), gastrodia tubers (Rhizoma Gastrodiabe), Ganoderma (Glossy Ganoderma), and milk vetch roots (Radix Astragali), and can see living Sika, wood frogs, sables, and others, both domesticated and wild livestock.