Loading device Eddy current dynamometer(water cooled) Piezo sensor Range 5000 PSI

Crank angle sensor Resolution 1 Deg, Speed 5500 R。P。M with TDC

pulse

Data acquisition deviceNI USB-6210, 16-bit, 250 kS/s

Load sensor Load cell, type strain gauge, range 0–50 kg Fuel flow transmitter DP transmitter, range 0–500 mm WC

Air flow transmitter Pressure transmitter, range 0–250 mm WC

Software “Engine softLV” Engine performance analysis software

Table 4 Gas specifications

Gas Range Resolution Accuracy

Flash point (°C) 210

Calorific value (MJ/kg) 41。08

FFA content (%) 0。25

Cloud point (°C) 0

Pour point (°C) −4

Free glycerol (% w/w) 0。02

Glycerol (% w/w) 0。21

Brake specific fuel consumption (B。S。F。C) variation with load at all C。R is shown in Fig。 2。 Similar B。S。F。C is observed for CB10, CB20 and diesel。 Only CB40 (higher blend ratio) has higher value of B。S。F。C at all C。R。 Increase in the amount of crude rice bran biodiesel (lower calorific value and high viscosity fuel) in the blend of diesel and crude rice bran biodiesel reduces the calorific value of the blend and increases its viscosity。 Higher fuel viscosity results in poor atomization of the fuel and improper mix- ing。 Thus at a particular engine load condition, an engine running with a lower calorific value and higher viscosity fuel will have increased fuel consumption resulting in higher B。S。F。C, as B。S。F。C is the ratio of fuel consump- tion to brake power of the engine。 For higher blend ratio, lower calorific value and high fuel viscosity can be attrib- uted for higher B。S。F。C。 With the increase in compression ratio B。S。F。C decreases for all blends。 On an average the decrease in B。S。F。C for diesel, CB10, CB20 and CB40 is

CO 0–10,000 ppm 1 ppm 20 ppm < 400 ppm

±5 % < 2000 ppm

±10 % > 2000 ppm

CO2 10 % 0。01 % ±500 ppm < 1 %

±5 % > 1 %

HC 0–5000 ppm 10 ppm ±1。7 % of reading

NO 5000 ppm 1 ppm ±5 ppm < 100 ppm

±5 % > 100 ppm

NO2 1000 ppm 1 ppm ±5 ppm < 100 ppm

±5 % > 100 ppm

18。42, 18。75, 18。97 and 18。28 % respectively, when C。R is increased from 15 to 18。 With the increase in compres- sion ratio, B。S。F。C for biodiesel blends decreases more compared to diesel except for CB40。 This improved com- bustion at higher C。R for biodiesel blends than diesel may be due to their lower volatility。