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    Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tendons and reinforcing bars (rebars) have been developed for use with concrete. FRP products are non-corrosive and lightweight when compared to traditional steel members. The current test program involves the design,fabrication, and testing to failure of two full-scale high-strength concrete bridge beams with FRP products for prestressing and shear reinforcement. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.23985
    Keywords: Bridge beams; Prestressed; High-strength concrete; Carbon-®ber-reinforced-polymers; Composite; FRP; Tendons; Leadline; C-Bar;Rebar; Bending moment; Ultimate strength tests.1. Introduction
    Of the 583 000 bridges in USA, 235 000 are non-pre-
    stressed steel-reinforced concrete and 108 000 are steel-
    prestressed concrete [1]. A major problem with this steel/
    concrete composite construction is corrosion of the steel
    members. In recent years, ®ber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
    tendons and reinforcing bars (rebars) have been devel-
    oped for use with concrete. FRPs o€er improved corro-
    sion and fatigue resistance compared to steel. These FRP
    products o€er the possibility of reinforced/prestressed
    concrete bridges with greatly increased life in corrosive
    environments compared to steel/concrete construction.
    In the current program, full-scale FRP-prestressed
    and reinforced high-strength concrete bridge beams
    were designed, fabricated and tested. The current pro-
    gram provided a single-point assessment of the appli-
    cability of current design methods to FRP-prestressed
    and reinforced concrete bridge beams.
    2. Current state of design code development e€ort
    Current design guidelines for steel-reinforced concrete
    [2] are the result of decades of research and ®eld experi-
    ence. Because of their composite nature, FRP rein-forcements behave not only di€erently from steel, but
    also with more complicated modes of response. There-
    fore FRP reinforcement technology and practices remain
    in a developmental state despite numerous research
    investigations and some successful ®eld applications.
    A brief review of FRP prestressing work is provided.
    2.1. Design code development e€orts
    In 1996, the Federal Highway Administration
    (FHWA) of the US Department of Transportation ini-
    tiated a four-year research program entitled ``FRP
    Prestressing for Highway Bridges''. This program is in-
    tended to advance all areas related to product standards
    and design codes. Under this program, a survey of code
    development e€orts in other countries was conducted
    [3]. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) Subcom-
    mittee 440-I on FRP Prestressing is working to develop
    a design code for FRP-prestressed concrete [4]. ACI
    Committee 440 on FRP Reinforcement has published a
    report summarizing the state of the art of all FRP
    reinforcement technology for concrete as of 1996 [5].
    A provisional design code for FRP-reinforced concrete
    developed in Japan has been translated into English [6].
    2.2. Fiber characteristics
    While carbon [7±14], glass [8,15,16], and Kevlar [8,9]
    have all been investigated as ®bers for FRP prestressing,carbon-®ber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have
    emerged as the leading FRP material for prestressing.
    Experiments have shown CFRP to have 0 creep loss
    over a period of 1 year [17] and to have 0 strength loss
    due to salt water exposure in experiments ranging from
    6 months to 1 year [11,17]. Exposure of CFRP to an
    alkaline environment was found in one study to have no
    e€ect on strength after 6 months [11]. In another study,
    CFRP was exposed to an alkaline environment for 1
    year, and was found to have ``... an equal or greater
    resistance than that of regular steel tendon [17]''. A
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