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5.3.4 Composite Closure . 71
5.3.5 Orthotropic Fitted Closure 71
5.3.6 Natural Closure 73
5.3.7 Invariant-Based Optimal Fitting (IBOF) Closure . 73
5.4 Interaction Coefficient 74
5.5 Modifications to Folgar–Tucker Model 75
5.5.1 Anisotropic Rotary Diffusion Model . 75
5.5.2 Reduced-Strain Closure Model . 76
5.6 Rheological Equations for Fiber Suspensions 77
5.6.1 Transversely Isotropic Fluid (TIF) Model . 77
5.6.2 Dinh–Armstrong Model 78
5.6.3 Phan-Thien–Graham Model . 78
5.7 Tucker’s Flow Classification for Fiber Suspension
in Thin Cavities 795.8 Fiber Migration in Inhomogeneous Flow Fields 80
5.9 Brownian Dynamics Simulation . 81
5.10 Non-Newtonian Matrix Suspensions . 83
6 Shrinkage and Warpage 87
6.1 Introduction . 87
6.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Short-Fiber
Composites 89
6.2.1 Effective Stiffness Tensor of Unidirectional
Composites 89
6.2.2 Effective Thermal Expansion Coefficients
of Unidirectional Composites 93
6.2.3 Orientation Averaging . 94
6.3 Thermally and Pressure-Induced Stresses . 95
6.3.1 Stress Development . 95
6.3.2 Viscous-Elastic Model and Viscoelastic Model 97
6.3.3 Assumptions and Boundary Conditions . 100
6.4 Displacement Calculation 101
6.5 Empirical Approach 102
6.6 Corner Deformation 103
7 Mold Cooling 105
7.1 Mold Cooling System 105
7.2 Transient Heat Transfer in Mold . 105
7.3 Cycle-Average Simplification . 108
8 Computational Techniques 111
8.1 Introduction . 111
8.2 Flow Analyses . 112
8.2.1 Midplane Approach . 112