Table 2 presents the general characteristics of the sample collected which is representative of all stakeholder groups. Seven types of organisation are represented in a perse range of organisational sizes. Almost half of the organisations represented had existed for over two decades, and over 80% of respondents had worked for their organization for over 10 years. Most respondents (82.8%) were in senior and middle groups entitled vice president or above, board member, director, manager of department, section chief, operational supervisor, although more junior levels representing operational staff were also represented.

Table 2

Sample demographics

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Organisation Type

Port Authority 36 17.8

Terminal Operator 48 23.6

Shipping line 23 11.3

Inland Shipper 27 13.3

Forwarder/Cargo Owner 26 12.8

National/Local Government 26 12.8

Local Community/Researcher 17 8.4

Firm’s Age

Less than 5 years 9 4.4

5-10 46 22.7

11-20 51 25.1

Over 20 years 97 47.8

Number of Employees

Less than 50 46 22.6

50- 100 28 13.8

101-200 30 14.8

201-300 49 24.2

More than 300 50 24.6

Working Experience

Less than 5 Years 16 7.8

5-10 18 8.9

11-20 124 61.0

Over 20 45 22.3

Job Position

Senior 106 52.3

Middle 62 30.5

Junior 35 17.2

Source: Author

3.3. Assessing Non-response Bias and Common Method Bias

To assess non-response bias widely accepted extrapolation methods were used whereby late respondents are hypothesized to behave similarly to non-respondents. Comparison between the central tendency of the responses of the first and fourth quartiles of respondents revealed no significant difference at the 0.05 level on t-tests for key factors (Wanger and Kemmerling, 2010). In addition, to assess common method bias at the level of measurement item, Harman’s single factor test in SPSS (Podsakoff et al., 2003) revealed that no single factor accounted for the majority of the covariance in EFA. Based on these results, non-response bias and common method bias is not expected to inhibit analysis (Wanger and Kemmerling, 2010; Podsakoff et al., 2003).