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Czechoslovakia, Montan und Industrialwerke (vorm. J. D. Starck) of Prague,. par- ticipates in the European Citric Acid Agreement, but infor- mation regarding the export quota assigned is not available. One of the five countries participating in the European citric acid cartel is France, although no citric acid is produced by the fermentation process. Manufacture of citric acid from imported calcium citrate (9) is carried on by the Anciens etablissements Mante & Cie at Marseilles. Formerly large quantities of calcium citrate and citric acid were imported from Italy. In 1930 France became the prin- cipal Italian outlet for calcium citrate owing to the loss of the American and British markets for this product, but after 1931 imports of the raw material from Italy declined rapidly. Imports of citric acid from Italy totaled 520 metric tons in 1928, but in 1933 had declined to 112. Export data in Table IV for the period 1927-31 show that during those years French exports were not appreciable. Up to 1928 Great Britain was one of the chief markets for Italian calcium citrate, but, owing to the uncertainty regarding citrate supplies, American calcium citrate largely replaced the Italian product during the period 1928-36. However, the loss to Italy of this important market was largely compensated for by increased exports of citric acid to England. British imports of citric acid and calcium citrate have declined rapidly during the past few years owing to the greatly increased domestic production of the fermentation product. Two companies, Kemball,+Bishop and Company Ltd., at London, and John and E. Sturge Ltd., at Birmingham, now produce citric acid by the tation process, and it is believed that the production is sufficient to meet the domestic demand. Th s quota assigned to these producers under the European ic Acid Agreement has not been announced. ER COUNTRIES. An intensive study of the citric fermentation process has been made during the past The reported semiplant- FRANCE. GREAT BRITAIN. years in Russia (29, 31, 40). scale work there indicates that commercial operation is in pogress, although the production capacity is not known. Production of the fermentation acid on a small scale in Japan has been carried on for some time, and recent reports indicate that an expansion of existing fecilities for the production of a million pounds annually is contemplated. Mycological Production of Citric Acid The production of citric acid from sugars by mold fermen- tation was first discovered by Wehmer (60) about 1893. Since that time the process has been intensively studied, particularly with respect to citric acid formation by various species of fungi, the various factors which influence the fer- mentation, and the highly interesting mechanism of the conversion from sugar to citric acid in which a branched- chain structure exists. It is not intended here to mention all of the vast amount of work which has been done on the mycological production of citric acid but to point out some of the more important con- tributions to the subject. More complete references will be found in the bibliography of Fulmer and Werkman (26) and in the works of Bernhauer