The other project, which was addressed towards the problems of the inefficient and ineffective management of urban freight distribution, a critical component of the overall urban transport system and primary source of pollution, was called SUGAR and promoted basic actions for the exchange, discussion and transfer of policy experience, knowledge and good practices through policy and planning levers in the field of urban freight management。 The SUGAR partnership brought together 17 institutions from 10 countries working on enhancing capabilities in terms of infrastructures and the design of urban mobility (SUGAR, 2011)。

270 Katarzyna Nowicka / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151 (2014) 266 – 281

Table 1。 Digital urban renewal initiative categories

CATEGORY DESCRIIPTION EXAMPLE

Citizen services Using ICT to make existing processes involving interaction on between the Guldborgsund’s video-enabled

municipality and citizens better, cheaper, or both。 satellite offices

Regional/economic ICT-oriented economic development or regeneration。 Aimed at attracting Barcelona’s 22@district

development digital industries or residents that make real estate decisions based on the

availability of broadband。

Community Using ICT and ”crowdsourcing” to increase community cohesion or Harringay Oneline, Ecomodo,

influence and improve the political system。 Typically started by civil sector StreetBank, EveryBlock, Tyze。com

organizations of social enterprises。

Law enforcement Using ICT to improve law enforcement and/or crime prevention through Drancy’s CCTV network

surveillance or improved communication of operatives。 Birmingham Shotspotter gunshot

location system

Resource The use of ICT to improve the functioning of citywide system to use energy Adaptive traffic lights

management and other resources more efficiently, Singapore’s water distribution

system, Amsterdam’s EcoMap

Behavioral change Using ICT to facilitate behavioral change by providing information or tools The Digital Environment Energy

that make the desired behavior easier or more attractive。 Management System (DEHEMS),

Liftshare wallkit, WhopCar, Seoul

Personal Travel Assistent

Health The use of ICT to promote or deliver healthcare and control illness or HelthMap Global Disease Alert Map

disease。

3。 Cloud computing model

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e。g。, networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction。 It is composed of five essential characteristics (on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, measured service), three service models (Software as a Service – SaaS – the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure and are accessible from various client devices; Platform as a Service – PaaS – the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created by the provider; Infrastructure as a Service – IaaS – the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications) and four deployment models (Private cloud - the cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization; community cloud - the cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations; public cloud - the cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public。 It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of them。 It exists on the premises of the cloud provider; hybrid cloud - the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology) (Mell & Grance, 2011)。