2 Literature Review

2。1 Studies on the Communication Strategies

2。1。1 Definition of Communication Strategies

According to Dai & Shu (1994), in international arena, the conception of communication strategies was originally proposed by Selinker (1972) in his discussion of interlanguage issues。 He put forward that communication strategy was the skill that the language learners used in order to overcome the limited language recourses and communication barriers which can not express certain information。 Thereafter, the study of communication strategy can be roughly pided into the following two directions: (1) one direction is represented by Corder (1981), Tarone (1983), Faerch & Kasper (1984) and other human, who focuses on the significance of communication strategies from the perspective of interlanguage and error analysis, classification, function and other issues; (2) the another direction is represented by Rubin and O’Malley, mainly from the perspective of the learner, they describe the foreign language learning and communication strategies which lead to the success of the learner。 This paper will discuss the communication strategy mainly from the first direction。   

As for the definition of communication strategies, Canale & Swain (1980) believes that communicative competence is the ability of people using language knowledge and skills in the actual communicative practices, which mainly includes four kinds of abilities: language ability, social language ability, discourse competence and strategic competence。 And Coder (1981) was affected; he defined the communicative strategy as the systematic technique when the speaker expresses a clear meaning in the face of language barriers or difficulties。 Kong (2004) also mentioned in the article, the definition of communication strategy from Coder is related to the language learners and native speakers, because both language and native speakers will apply communication strategies because of lack of language resources or amnesia。 

For the definition of communication strategies, Faerch & Kasper (1984) particularly emphasis on the “personal” rather than “learner”, which is characterized by their definition is also equally applicable for native speakers。 They believe that communication strategies are the consciously potential plans when one solves his personal problem in particular communicative situation。 However, Tarone (1983) will take “interaction” as one of the standard of defining communication strategies, causing the discussion。 He believes that communication strategies are the negotiation which took by both sides to reach a measure consistent with the views, thus making up the lack of target language complements between language learners and native speakers。 With respect to the first two definitions proposed, Ellis (1986) proposes a relevant completely definition, he regards communication strategies as a kind of ability when the language user communicating, which is also took as one kind of psychological language strategy。 And this strategy has consciousness, which is equal to the awareness when language learners can not express。 

To sum up, this paper combined the definition and classification of communication strategy from Faerch & Kasper (1984)。 Dai believes “communication strategy is a systematic technique, and a kind of endeavor for achieving communicative goals when one encounters communication difficulties (Dai, 1992, p。 10)。” In daily life, communication strategy as a part of language communication, to some extent, is also a psychological language strategy when consciousness generates in communication。文献综述

2。1。2 Classification of Communication Strategies

For the definition of communication strategy, foreign scholars express their views, and the corresponding communication strategies also have different classifications。 The following categories which several scholars study play a profound role in the development of communication strategy research。