- 上一篇：德语论文德国姓氏的来源和涵义
- 下一篇：《爱丽丝漫游仙境》现代主义解析
But they had different concept about the nature. This study would try to discuss the difference. Ruanji believed that the everything had its nature , so his fortune and misfortune were also natural. What he needed was to follow the nature. He tried to explain the conflict between his mind and the realistic. His idea about nature came from the doctrine of “Dao”. This expressed his expectation of integrating himself into "Dao". In this way, he aimed to make the distorted society conform to the true nature in his mind. Wordsworth tried to make the nature supernatural. His concept about nature was the unity of human, nature and soul. So, Wordsworth's nature was endowed with spiritualism. Nature has become a constant source of joy and comfort in the poet's life. This is unmistakably shown in his numerous poems. For example, in "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey", a poem considered by many critics to be Wordsworth's most outstanding single poem on nature, he speaked of the joy and comfort he found in nature :
Nature never did betray
The heart that loved her; 'tis her privilege,
Through all the years of this our life, to lead
From joy to joy: for she can so inform
The mind that is within us, so impress
With quietness and beauty, and so feed
With lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues,
Rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men
Nor greetings where no kindness is, nor all
The dreary intercourse of daily life,
Shall e'er prevail against us, or disturb
Our cheerful faiths ( Hutchinson, 1911: 207)
It is believed by Wordsworth that nature has great capability to do with man ,when there is an inherent unity between human beings and nature.
Nature can refresh people’s soul and fill them with joy. A comparison between the different concepts of Ruanji and William Wordsworth could supply more ways for people to refresh themselves and get more spirit which is important for our lives.
2 The Life and Social Background of RuanJi and William Wordsworth
2.1 Ruan Ji
Ruan Ji (210–263) was a poet and philosopher who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. He was one of the famous Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Ding Guanzhi devided his thoughts into three stages: "At the beginning of Zhengshi period, Ruanji focused on Confucianism studies. During the Wei dynasty, he tended to integrated Confucianism and Taoism. By the end of Wei period , he disdained Confucianism, sticked to Taoism doctrine in esteem."( Ding Guanzhi, 1982: 105)
When Ruanji was just a child, the fortune of his family became imperiled with the rise of the Sima who managed to usurp the throne. In RuanJi's childhood, he read Confucian's books, accepted its ideas and was full of ambition to do something for the country. In Sima's Jin Dynasty ,he was very depressed , chose to be a hermit and tried to solve the problem by integrating of nature and Confucian .At that time, in order to control people, the Sima court propaganda Confucian doctrine of filial piety ,which had been changed its original meaning and became tools to control people. The bad time flourished spiritual culture and created many intellectuals. Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove originally followed the creed of Confucius but turned to the thoughts of Taoism to extricate themselves and find spiritual freedom under such dark society. They were interested in metaphysics. One of their hot topic was about the relationship of "the Confucian ethical code” and "nature. Such discussion brought a spirit of “grace and freedom” to the epoch. Ruanji was one of the major sage of such "pure talking(清谈)". He believed that the feudal ethical codes deprived people's freedom and distorted people’s nature. The feudal power distorted Confucian's original meaning and used it as a way to control people, which was unacceptable to Ruanji. "The contrast between the realistic and dream has been incompatible. The cruel political circumstance forces people to abandon their dream (Yu Dunkang, 2004: 300). RuanJi tended his life to the nature to free himself, then he was inclined to Taoism. Wang Fuzhi described those who chose to submit to the Jin power as "vulgar people"(Wang Fuzhi, 1879: 20). Ruanji had true disposition and did not want to submit to political power which was against his moral convictions. Ruanji spared no effort to seek some creeds to free himself from struggling (Yu Dunkang, 2004: 301). His thoughts were connected with Taoism."(Mou Zongsan,2010: 264).Ruanji showed his disappointment towards the cruel society and discontented about the imperial court. Ruanji also described his idea about noumenon. The world was original harmonious and people were sincere to others , but all of these turned disorder under the hypocritical "Confucian ethical code" . Unfortunately he was not able to change such tendencies in society. He turned to Zhuangzi to solve his spiritual sufferings. "Taoism calms people and refreshes them."(Mou Zhongsan, 2010: 265). Taoism has the power to comfort his mind and makes him calm in his mind, because" Conventions prevent him from being his true self , he must find ways to free himself from durance. Taoism provides such ways."(Mou Zongsan, 2010: 315). Ruanji 's spirit struggled between freedom and morals. Such conflict is actually the awaking of the identity and awareness of himself, which is similar to the Romanticism.