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1.12 Shakespeare’s sonnets
And as we known William Shakespeare is famous for his 154 sonnets. The sonnets is a poem of 14 lines of iambic pentameter with a rigid-scheme. And this verse was introduced by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century and adopted by English poets, which influenced by Italian poets. After Shakespeare was the first to write in this form and he became its most famous practitioner. The form consists of fourteen lines structured as three quatrains and a couplet.
The first 126 sonnets are addressed to a young man; the last 28 to a woman. His famous sonnets are the poem of 14 lines of iambic pentameter with a rigid rime-scheme. The sonnets to the young man express overwhelming, obsessional love, Other sonnets express the speaker's love for the young man; brood upon loneliness, death, and the transience of life. His sonnets contain various kind of images which have different symbolic meanings, as the rise and the fall of the sun as the human life, the summer symbolizing the time previous time etc. Lawrence Durrell has described the mysteries of Shakespeare's sonnets as the source of one of the most enjoyable of literary pastimes (Quaint Fragments, 1931)
1.2 Theoretical basis
1.21 English sonnets
Meter
English sonnets also called Shakespearean sonnet or Shakespeare’s sonnets, are almost all constructed from three quatrains, which are four-line stanzas, and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter.
Stanza
The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. Sonnets using this scheme are known as Shakespearean sonnets. Often, the beginning of the third quatrain marks the volta ("turn"), or the line in which the mood of the poem shifts, and the poet expresses a revelation or epiphany
Themes
The main subject of Shakespeare’s sonnets are often referred to as the Fair Youth, the Rival Poet, and the Dark Lady. The "Fair Youth" is the unnamed young man to whom sonnets 1–126 are addressed( Articles by FORT, J. A,Res.oxford journals.org. Retrieved 2014-04-02). The Dark Lady sequence (sonnets 127–154), distinguishes itself from the Fair Youth sequence by being overtly sexual in its passion. The Rival Poet's identity remains a mystery; among the varied candidates are Christopher Marlowe, George Chapman, or an amalgamation of several contemporaries(D. P. Jackson, 2014 )And to the themes of his sonnets,He plays with gender roles (sonnet20), comments on political events (sonnet124), makes fun of love (sonnet128), speaks openly about sexual desire (sonnet129), parodies beauty (sonnet130) and even references pornography
1.22 Three Terms in Classical Chinese Literature Criticism 源`自,优尔`文.论"文'网[www.youerw.com
The Narration(Fu,Chinese), One item of classical Chinese literary criticism, reflect on the syntactic device and lexical devices, currently used in narrative poems, with parallelism, couplet exclamation etc. Generally, the narration is the fundamental of expression device, can either describe a vivid scenery or render the atmosphere with some motion. Usually the narration works according to the combination and contiguity of language and is interlinked with metonymy( Zhang Jin 1998), From Zhu Xi’ s theories, the narration has been request as two aspect: Narrating in detail & Narrating in straightforward, which construct the objective poetic pattern.
The Comparison(Bi,Chinese), regarded as a lexical device, generalized implication, not only including the comparison but also including simile, metaphor, metonymy, personification etc. In lexical structure,which is based on the substitution and similarity of language and interlinked with metaphor. About the criticism of the Comparison, metaphor and simile are the recognized device.
The Sub-raise(Xing,Chinese), is often used with the comparison, means another portrayal before the objective raise. The sub-raise is presented to the poem in two types,. The sub-raise usually play a role of the aesthetic plurisignation and poetic function when similarity is projected onto contiguity. In another words, the sub-raise works between the “images” and the “feelings”. Lie Xie in his“The Literature Mind and the Carving of Dragons”indicated the textbook example with “Ode , The Book of Songs” to argued those series of “images” should be projected with the “similarities”, and implicated with the “contiguity”.