Potholes, bearing pressures and deficiencies in pathways

Driver: Allowable Limits  (ALs)

Description: Risk of tip over was driven up when the actual movement distance went beyond the ALs of load lifting equipment

Rules to check

Class 3c (advanced technical)

Actual load and movement distance Class 3c (advanced technical)

Geometry of working area Class 1 (geometry)

Equipment load chart requirements Class 3b (external data)

Required area for the outriggers to be fully extended    Class 3b (external

data)

Fig。 3。  Worker crushed into a gap when looking for his footwear。

H。 Malekitabar et al。 / Safety Science 82 (2016) 445–455 453

Table 8

Drivers for the risk of ‘‘asphyxiation or cave   in”。

Drivers and rules Rule class and  type

of check

Driver: External Pushing Factors (EPFs)

Description: Pressure from EPFs on the soil near excavations drove up the risk of cave in

Rules to check

reports, one from the same country, the United States, and one from a developing country, Iran, supports the idea that more than 40% of the fatalities in the construction industry are related to the concept of Design for Safety。 As was expected, this proportion is even higher in a developing country, but, to state exactly by how much this rate varies in different communities, one would need a survey of larger samples。 It was also found that types of accidents are relatively sim-

ilar in all three databases。 Even some strange causes of   accidents,

Existence of shoring, safeguards and boxes in

trenches

Distance to roads with traffic, buildings, walls, dirt piles

Available space to secure a trench by sloping and

benching

class 1 (existence)

Class 2 (distance)

Class 3 (vicinity)

for example, unintentional pressing the start button of machines, were dramatically found similar in different databases。 This research showed that the type of accidents is a major factor in their relation to design, i。e。, fall accidents could be prevented by a  better

The location of existing pipelines Class 3b (external data)

Factor of safety and probability of failure Class 3c (advanced

technical)

Driver: Empty Spaces (ESs)

Description: ESc such as holes or gaps that were left unattended drove up the probability of being caught in confined spaces

Rules to check

temporary filling of confined spaces Class 1 (existence)

planned and unplanned confined spaces Class 3 (spotting)

protection of confined  spaces Class 3 (spotting)

access restrictions Class 3 (spotting)

Driver: Oxygen Level (OL)

Description: Confined space injuries were more probable when the OL failed bellow the standard

Rules to check

design far more than accidents involving construction equipment。

This finding will specifically highlight the role of Design for Safety when literature names fall and falling objects as the leading cause of occupational fatalities in the construction industry。

This study exclusively focused on the initiating events in each accident scenario reported, called ‘‘safety risk drivers”, since no research is found in the literature of construction management concerning the drivers of safety risks, and most risk drivers pro- vided by the literature of project risk management were neither quantifiable nor assessable by the available technologies。 To give an example, parts of a system possessing multiple perse relation- ships are reported in the literature to be prone to development of more risks, with no further criteria or measuring framework。 This conceptual driver is employed in this research to deduce measur- able drivers, for example the eight rules listed in Table 9 to be