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results of the SAP2000 program.
Chai and Kunnath [3] outlined a methodology for assess-
ing the minimum wall thickness to ensure that the in-plane
lateral strength was fully developed. The results were pre-
sented for a number of parameters including the ground
motion intensity, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, floor
weight, wall-to-floor area ratio and number of stories. The
minimum wall thickness was compared with recommenda-
tions in current building codes.
Kim and Lee [4] proposed an efficient analysis method
that can be used regardless of the number, size and loca-
tion of openings. The analysis method uses super elements
developed by the matrix condensation technique. Static and
dynamic analyses of example structures having various types
of openingswere performed to verify the efficiency and accu-
racy of the proposed method. The results demonstrated that
the proposed method can be used for the analysis of a shear
wall structure with openings. Outstanding accuracy in analy-
siswas achievedwith drastically reduced computational time
and memory.
Lee et al. [5] investigated the amplification of forces and
displacements in flexible diaphragms for low-rise structureshaving relatively stiff perimeter shear walls. Various degrees
of diaphragmflexibility, shearwall flexural over-strength and
numbers of stories were considered in the inelastic dynamic
analyses. The results confirmed that current code provisions
consistently underestimate diaphragmforces at the upper and
lower floors under common conditions.
Lee and Ko [6] studied three 1:12 scaled 17-storey RC
wall building models having different types of irregularity
at the bottom two stories after subjecting to the simulated
earthquake excitations to observe their seismic response
characteristics. The first model had a symmetrical moment-
resisting frame (Model 1), the second had an infilled shear
wall in the central frame (Model 2), and the third had an in-
filled shear wall in only one of the exterior frames (Model
3) at the bottom two stories. Based on the test results, which
were analyzed and compared, the following conclusionswere
drawn:
(1) The estimated fundamental periods for other structures
than moment frames and bearing wall structures in UBC 97
and AIK 2000 appear to be reasonable, (2) The total amounts
of energy absorption by damage are similar regardless of the
existence and location of the infilled shear wall, (3) The larg-
est energy absorption is due to overturning, followed by that
due to shear deformation and (4) The rigid upper system ren-
ders rocking behavior in the lower frame, and thereby the self
weight contributes up to about 23% of the resistance against
the total overturning moment.
Kara and Dundar [7] presented an iterative analytical
procedure to study the effect of concrete cracking on the stiff-
ness and deflection of shear walls. They developed a com-
puter program for the mentioned study. In the program, the
variation of the flexural stiffness of a cracked member was
evaluated by ACI and probability-based effective stiffness
models. In the analysis, shear deformationwhich can be large
and significant after development of cracks was also taken
into account and the variation of shear stiffness in the cracked
regions ofmemberswas also considered using effective shear
stiffness model available in the literature. Verification of the
proposed procedure was confirmed with series of reinforced
concrete shear wall tests available in the literature as well.
Comparison between the analytical and experimental results
showed that the proposed analytical procedure can provide
an accurate and efficient prediction of both the deflection