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and flexural stiffness reduction of shear walls with different
height to width ratio and vertical load. The results of the ana-
lytical procedure also indicated that the percentage of shear
deflection in the total deflection increases with decreasing
height to width ratio of the shear wall.
Marini and Meda [8] presented a new technique for the
strengthening of existing R/C shear walls based on the appli-
cation of thin high performance jackets. The strengthening
jacketwasmade of high performance concrete, having a com-
pression resistance higher than 150 MPa, and reinforced bymeans of a high strength steel mesh. The experimental study
was carried out on a 1:3 scale-R/Cwall, proportioned to resist
vertical loads only, and reinforced by means of a 15 mm
thick-high performance jacket. Cyclic loads of increasing
magnitude were applied to the experimental shear wall up
to collapse. The effectiveness of the technique was also ver-
ified numerically. The results showed the efficiency of the
proposed solution on the significantly increasing structure
resistance, deformation capacity and ductility.
Mo et al. [9] presented a study which accomplishes three
main tasks: (1) formulating the Cyclic Softened Membrane
Model (CSMM) for the development of a finite element pro-
gram, (2) implementing the formulated CSMM into a finite
element program SCS (Simulation of Concrete Structures)
using OpenSees that stands for Open System for Earthquake
Engineering Simulation as a framework, (3) validating the
finite element program SCS by comparing its predictions
with the experimental results of RC framed shear walls avail-
able in the literature.
Tuken [10] proposed an analytical method to determine
the sway of a mixed structure (frame + shear wall) subject
to seismic forces. The validity of the analytical method was
tested on 3-D buildings of different heights. He also obtained
the sway response using SAP2000 and found that the sway
results obtained by the analytical method matches well with
the results of SAP2000. In a similar study, Tuken and Atim-
tay [11] proposed an analyticalmethod to determine the sway
of a totally framed building subject to seismic forces. The
implementation of the proposed method to framed buildings
in regions of high seismic risk was emphasized.
A detailed review on different aspects of typical frame
structures containing shear walls shows that simplified pro-
cedures for the assessment of shear wall quantity that can
resist the earthquake forces safely and can also satisfy the two
major requirements of the seismic codes (strength and stiff-
ness) are not widely available. Keeping this scope in view, in
the present study, an easy to apply analyticalmethod has been
proposed to determine the amount of shearwalls necessary to
make reinforced concrete buildings seismic-resistant against
moderate to severe earthquakes. The amount of shear walls
obtained was checked to fulfill the two requirements (i.e.
adequate strength and adequate stiffness) of seismic design.
The third requirement, ductility, was not presented here as
ductility requirement can easily be satisfied with the same
quantity of shear walls by proper detailing and satisfying the
minimum requirements of the seismic codes.
2 Problem Formulation
Undermaximumprobable earthquake, some repairable dam-
age to the contents of buildings is acceptable. Therefore,
a damage control limit state is to be defined to mark theboundary between economically repairable minor damage
and damage that is not worth repairing. The intensity of
ground shaking associatedwith this limit state has a lowprob-
ability of occurrence during the expected life of the building.