2。2 Previous studies on skopos theory

     As a theoretical basis in translation, Skopos Theory is a kind of targeted mode of translation theory, was introduced into translation field in the 1970s by Hans J。 Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating。 Vermeer strongly opposes the view that translation is simply a matter of language。 For him translation is a cross-cultural transfer and the translator should be bi-cultural and moreover, he regards translation intrinsically as a form of action, in other words “a cross-cultural event”。 Skopos Theory’s generation and development includes three stages。

     The first stage is Catherine Rice’s study。 In 1971, Rice published the book Translation Criticism and Limitations, in which she first proposed functionalist translation。 On the one hand, she insisted on “the original as the center of the equivalent theory”, but at the same time she also found that “some of the equivalence is impossible to achieve, and sometimes should not pursue,” and her views lay the foundation for this theory。 The second stage is Hans Fomir's study。 In 1978, he published an article called General Translation Theory Framework in which he first explained this theory。 He argues that translation is a subcategory of intercultural communication。 He was completely free from the equivalence theory, and put the purpose principle of the text as the primary principle, that is to say, the principle of translation strategy must be based on a purpose。 The third stage is the study of Justa Hertz Mantary and Christian Nod。 Both of them developed and deepened the teleology of translation。 The former analyzes the role of the participants in the translation process (the originator of the translation, the original author, a reader) and the contextual conditions required for their behavior, emphasizing the interaction between the three Relationship, the latter put forward the "function + purpose" of the translation principles。

Skopos Theory, the most influential German functionalist translation theory, has three basic rules, which are Skopos Rule, Coherence Rule and Fidelity Rule。 The Skopos Rule requires that the purpose of the translation decides the translating action。 The purpose of translation is that the translation will work in the context of target language and culture according to the target language receivers’ exception。

According to skopos theory, principle of all translation activities follow the “skopos rule”, namely the translation should be set in language context and culture and conform to the expectation of the target text receivers。 The purpose of translation is to determine the whole process of translation, that is, the method of determining results。 But the translation activities can have multiple purposes, which further pided into three categories: (1) the basic purpose of the translator; (2) the communicative purpose of the translation (such as enlightening); (3) to use some special means of translation purpose (such as to illustrate the special grammatical structure of a language in the literal way) according to its structure。 However, under normal circumstances, the "skopos" refers to the communicative purpose of the translation, namely "The communicative function of the target text in the target language culture context。”。

Skopos Rule is a translation rule that translates in a way that enables your translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function, which intended to solve the eternal dilemma of free vs。 faithful translation, dynamic vs。 formal equivalence, good interpreters vs。 slavish translator。 Translation task may require a “free” or a “faithful” translation, or anything between these two extremes, depending on the purpose for which the translation is needed。文献综述