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2.2 Newmark’s Classification of Text Functions
Before introducing Newmark's theory, it is better to make mention of previous founders of this field. In 1934, Karl Buhler, a German psychologist and linguist, pided the pragmatic functions of language into three categories, namely expression, representation and appeal. His statements on language functions have influenced the whole development of linguistics. Later on, on the basis of Buhler's theory and from the perspective of communicative process with the sender or receiver being the center of intercourse, Jacobson further classified functions of language into six parts-expressive, referential, conative, phatic, metalingual and poetic. In 1976, Reiss came up with a theory, piding text into three types, the content-focused, the form-focused and the appeal-focused, which were developed into the informative, the expressive and the operative by herself.