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9
- 上一篇：输入假说与初中生英语阅读能力发展
- 下一篇：非英语专业学生词汇学习策略研究
4.2 Deduction…… 10
4.2.1Condensation..10
4.2.2 Reductive Paraphrasing.11
4.2.3 Deletion.12
4.3 Foreignization or domestication..13
4.3.1 Domestication...13
4.3.2Foreignizaion.13
5. Conclusion.15
References 16
1. Introduction
In 2012, the movies production of China had been second only to U.S.A and ranked the second location in the world. In the meantime, the export has been growing in a fast pace. 75 movies, which were nearly twice than 2008, were exported to more than 80 countries in 2013. Obviously, the study on movie subtitle translation is in front of us telling its importance. It makes possible for most foreign audiences to easily appreciate both the original Chinese and these movies, and in return it has given rise to the study of subtitle translation strategies. Just like Jorge Díaz-Cintas, the ex-president of European Association for Studies in Screen Translation(ESIST)states, “Translation carried out in the audiovisual field currently accounts for an increasingly large proportion of translation activity.”
1.1 Researches both at Home and Abroad
1.1.1 Movies Subtitle Translation Studies Abroad
The research in the field of audiovisual translation first began in the West, and compared to no-system subtitle translation strategies in China, the western countries have been far ahead here, especially the European scholars. It is the advanced technology and the spread of TV and movies, to some extent, to promote the rapid development of movies subtitle translation and its related research. Meanwhile, the needs of a broad of audiences and the stress from academic circle also have contributed to theories of movies subtitle translation flourishing in Europe. On the other hand, it has greatly profited from the intimate relationship among European countries, high association in different language, and cultural persity and similarities.
The earliest research on movie subtitle translation from translation perspective can be traced back to 1974.Dollerup published On Subtitles in Television Programmes in Bable.[3] It was the first time to do pertinent research on subtitle translation and detailed analyzed different types of errors when English television program when translated into Danis. He first put forward the significance of subtitle study in translation teaching activities and its positive effect in second language acquisition.
In 1982, Christophoer Titford put out Subtitling: Constrained Translation in which he introduced the conception of constrained translation while talking about the issues faced by most subtitlers “derive essentially from the constraints imposed on translator by the medium itself” [10] Based on theory of Titford, scholars like Mayoral Asensio, Kelly and Gallardo etc.[7]applied the conception of “constrained translation” to the practice of movie subtitle translation.
In 1987, the EBU (EBU: European Broadcasting Union) held an assembly on Dubbing and Subtitling in Stockholm, which started its new chapter on this subject. After that, lots of conferences and publications on film translation came forth. The major achievement of the assembly was a proposal of guidelines put to facilitate the spread and exchange of TV program with the subtitles in European countries.
The movie subtitle translation has entered into a golden age since 1990s with two great works came out during this period. In 1991, with the financial aid of the EIM(EIM: European Institute for the Media), Luyken collaborated with other four European experts published the book Overcoming Language Barriers in Television: Dubbing and Subtitling for the European Audience.[6] From a professional perspective this work analyzes different translation modes applied to the linguistic transfer of films and exemplifies a large numbers of data, systematically studies the number of the European translated films, labor costs and audience preferences. In 1992 the Swedish subtitles translator Ivarsson published book Subtitling for the Media: A Handbook of an Art. [5]. It was regarded as the first comprehensive study on subtitle translation. In 1998, with the help of Carroll, Ivarsson published its second edition added much more strategies and skills in the view of digital technology. It’s just these two books laid the foundation for future development of movie subtitle translation.