2。 Literature Review

As people have been on the study of problems of translation, it is resulting in different views of translation because of different cultural backgrounds and different views。 Then it followed by different translation schools such as literal translation and free translation, naturalisation and dissimilation and so on。 From these different views, German functionalism skopos theory translation appears and constantly develops and then constantly improves。 As generally speaking, German functionalism skopos theory translation consists of Kantharina Reiss’s functional category of translation criticism, Hans Vermeer’s skopos theory and beyond, Justa Holz Mantari’s theory of translation action and Christiane Nord’s function plus loyalty (Vermeer 76)。

2。1 The definition of skopos theory来自优I尔Y论S文C网WWw.YoueRw.com 加QQ7520~18766

Skopos theory is a new translation model。 The translation theory was proposed by German functionalist translators from the purpose of translation。 Its establishment can be traced back to the sixties and seventies of the 20th century。 The theory put the choice of the various purposes gathered in the translation process。 Specifically it includes three principles。 Skopos rule, fidelity rule and coherence rule。 As verbal communication is a purposeful activity, it conveys the intention of the speakers。 So to determine the meaning of discourse,it must fully consider the speaker's intentions, communication occasions and listener’s background knowledge, attitude and other contextual factors。 In terms of translation, it is a ternary relationship,that is, the original author, the translator and the translation reader。 In the translation process, the translator not only must infer the original intention and meaning from the original context and reach a consensus on the understanding of the composition of the party with the original author, but also through the translation of their original intentions and their related information passed to the translation of the reader to form the other side of the communication, thus completing the cross-cultural communication between ternary relations。 The theory holds that as long as achieving the purpose of translation, the original text can be used both literal translation and completely rewritten method, or use any translation strategy between the two (Vermeer 76)。 It follows that the core of skopos theory is the translation method and translation strategy are determined by the intended purpose or function of the translation。 Skopos theory is a breakthrough in the concept of structuralist equivalence, it is suggested that the essence of translation is not only the conversion of pure language but also the exchange of different cultures in the form of language, thus broadening the field of translation theory research。论文网

2。2 The origin and development of skopos theory

At first, the beginning of skopos theory is Kantharian Reiss’s functional category of translation criticism。 As early as 1970s Katharina Reiss’s introduced a functional category into her “objective approach to translation criticism”。 Her book Translation Criticism—the Potentials and Limitations, Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment may be considered as the starting point for the academic analysis of translation in Germany。 Taking equivalence as her basis, Reiss develops a mode of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts。 According to Reiss, the ideal translation would be equivalence。 However, she discovers that there are two exceptions from the general goal of achieving equivalence: When the target text is intended to achieve a goal or function other than that of the original, functionality takes precedence over equivalence。 When the target text addresses an audience different from the intended readership of the original, reader-orientedness takes precedence over equivalence。