2。 Literature Review

2。1 Definition of Skopos Theory来自优O尔P论R文T网WWw。YoueRw。com 加QQ7520`18766

     Skopos is the Greek word for “aim or purpose” and was introduced into translation theory in the 1970s by Hans J。 (Vermeer 221) 

     The translation of teleology is a human behavior theory as a guide,which places the study of translation in the category of human behavior theory 。 The teleologists think that translation has clear purpose and intention, under the influence of the translator, cross-cultural human communication activities are based on the original text 。 Translation is an intuitive interactive activity intended to change the existing situation, at least for those who can not communicate because of language barriers to achieve communication activities; secondly,it refers to a more rigorous sense of the nature of the intention of communication,such as providing the content of the original language for translator。Vermeer called this theory as Skopos Theory, which is known as the translation of "teleology"。     

     One of the most important factors in deciding the purpose of translation is that the audiences in Vermeer's teleological framework ,they have their own cultural background knowledge, expectations of the translation and communication needs。 Every translation is directed at a certain level of audience。That is to say,the function of the translation(purpose) is the most important criterion for what strategy the translator decides to take,and the main element to determine the translation function is readers’ expectation。(Pang Zhu 98) Therefore, the translation is the discourse produced by a purpose and target audience in the target language。 Vermeer thinks the original text is only a source of some or all of the information for the target audience。Thus it can be seen that the status of the original was significantly lower than the position of equivalence theory。

2。2 Three rules of Skopos Theory   

2。2。1 Skopos rule

     The main principle that all translation activities follow is that “skopos rules”,that is ,translation should play a role in the way that the target recipient expert in target language and culture。The purpose of the transnational action is to determine the process of the whole translation act,that is,the end justifies the means。(Reiss Vermeer 1011) In the field of translation,there are three kinds of purpose: 1) the general purpose aimed at by the translator in translation process;2) the communicative purpose aimed at by the target text in the target situation;3) the purpose aimed by a particular translation strategy or procedure。(Venuti 2001)

2。2。2 Coherence rule论文网

     Coherence rule refers that the translation must conform to the standard of intro-textual coherence,which means the translation is readable and acceptable that the target text should be coherent with the communicative circumstances and knowledge of the target text receivers in order to make the receivers easily understood the translation。(Guo 23-26) To achieve this goal, the target text should make sense in the culture where the target text receivers live。Therefore the coherence rule requires that translators produce a version which conforms to desires of the target version readers。 It shows the text should be coherent with the receivers’ situation so that it can be easily understood by the receivers。 

2。2。3 Fidelity rule           

     The fidelity rule means that there must be coherence between the translation and the source text, more specially, between: the source text information received by the translator; the interpretation the translator makes of this information; the information that is encoded for the target text-receivers。 (Mundy 79-80)