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2.1.2 Development of Constructivism
Originally, Constructivism is a theory of learning and an approach to education that lays emphasis on the ways that people create meaning of the world through a series of inpidual constructs (Net 1). The Constructivist learning theory can guide various kinds of teaching practices in the classroom. Generally, it usually means encouraging students to create more ideas and then share with their classmates what they are doing and how their understanding is changing. Constructivist teachers encourage their students to assess how the movement is helpful for them acquire knowledge. Constructivist architecture derived from the constructivist art movement.
In 2004, Lv Jun criticized of the translation theories in Structuralism and Deconstruction that “both the Deconstruction and Structuralism study of translation have no constructive significance to the translatology establishment”. (2004:12) .To pursue the ideal translation, a new translation theory had been put forward by Lv Jun, who is a professor from Nanjing Normal University. He applied the Constructivism to translation and proposed the Constructivist Translatology, which is so far touched in business translation.
2.2 Constructivist Translatology
Based on the theory of Constructivism, the Constructivist Translatology is a rational reconstruction based on the reflection and experience. It has its own theoretical, truth and language basis. They exert direct influence on the translation criteria of Constructivist Translatology. The followings are the specifics of Constructivist Translatology.
2.2.1 Consensus Theory of Truth
The truth basis of constructive translatology should be the consensus theory of truth. The consensus theory of truth was put forward by Jürgen Habermas. Habermas thought that consensus can be treated as truth in social communication (1996). This truth called for the translator to look for validity conditions to reach consensus, that is to say, the Consensus Theory of Truth complied with the acceptability of the understanding and universal validity of the translation.
In the consensus theory of truth, truth is independent of actual consensus. It would be agreed to by all participants who followed the principles of equal and unconstrained communication. Then he put forward the idea of orientation: an attitude of stepping outside of beliefs taken for granted in everyday life and willing to investigate the validity of truth claims. The idea currently available to the new translation criteria of constructive translatology, which means the translation should comply with orientation of the original text. In the Constructivist Translatology, the orientation of the original text is a consensus based on the communication and conversation. It’s also helpful for people to invest a mind-independent reality. Habermas believed that the pragmatic meaning of a truth claim is that it could be proved by rational consensus. Its validity is unaffected by any actual consensus under the conditions of distorted communication in everyday life. Therefore, Habermas's consensus theory of truth is indeed a consensus theory of validity.
2.2.2 Theory of Communicative Action
The theory of Communicative Action was put forward by Jurgen Habermas. Firstly, he pided the social actions into four groups: the instrumental action, the norm-regulating action, the dramatic action and the communicative action. In 1984, he developed the theory of Communicative Action: communicative action serves to transmit and renew cultural knowledge, in a process of achieving mutual understandings. It then coordinates action towards social integration and solidarity. Finally, communicative action is the process through which people from their identities (1984:140).According to the Communicative Action, people may achieve mutual understanding through conversation, dialogue and consultation. Habermas put forward the Communicative Action and his theory stood in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. Then he pointed out the rationality in the interpersonal communication. The Communication Rationality is: Firstly, the processes by which different validity claims are bought to a satisfactory resolution. Secondly, the relation to the world that people take to forward validity claims for the expressions they deem important (1984:75).This is founded in the observation that people’s identity is shaped by their relations with others. It reconstructed the conditions of rational understanding. During the translation process, the translator can use the principle of communicative rationality and so as to establish reasonable intercultural communication.