3。4 MG/MO’s speech

3。5 GW/OW’s speech

4。 Frequently- used lexical bundles------------------------------------------------------------------32

5。 Bibliography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33

6。 Acknowledgement ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------34

1。  Literature review

1。1 Move analysis, ESP, lexical bundles。

1。1。1 Move analysis and ESP 

Move analysis was developed by Swales (1981) as part of genre analysis in order to identify and illustrate the rhetorical organization of particular texts。 Texts are described in terms of their communicative purposes, categorizing the discourse units that make up those texts according to these purposes or rhetorical moves。 “A move thus refers to a section of a text that performs a specific communicative function”。 In other words, a move is a stretch of written or spoken discourse, “which achieves a particular purpose within a text”。 Moves are functional units in a text which, when working together, fulfill the overall communicative purpose of the genre。 The general organization of a text can be described as consisting of a number of moves, with some conventional moves occurring more often than other moves which are optional。 Swales (1990) explains that moves often contain multiple elements or steps that, when combined, realize the move。 The function of these steps is to achieve the purpose of the move to which they belong。

As an example of a specific genre analysis, move analysis was developed as a “top-down” approach to give a generalizable description of discourse organization across a representative sample of texts of a particular genre。 The framework of move analysis developed by Swales (1990) has been successfully extended to broader areas of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) instruction。 This most frequently used tool of text-level analysis has stimulated interest in research on the generic structures of such specific genres as academic, professional, and other discourse types。 Academic genres have been examined through the lens of move analysis, such as research article abstracts and textbooks。 Meanwhile, it has been applied to a variety of professional communication discourses, including sales letters, brief tourist information texts, SARS case reports, etc。 Such distinctive genres as birthmother letters and advertisements for academic posts have also been studied by adopting move analysis methodology。 

Discourse analysis of debate has not yet been discussed very often。 My former researchers have focus more on the speech acts or semantics or pragmatics linguistic features。 In the Speech Act Conditions as Tool for Reconstructing Argumentative Discourse, Frans and Rob use the pragma-dialectical approach to argumentation, for analyzing argumentative discourse, a normative reconstruction is required which encompasses four kinds of transformations。 They explained how speech act conditions can play a part in carrying out such a reconstruction。 

Researchers in the field of ESP understand genre as a collection of communicative events sharing a set of communicative purposes, taken by the members of a specific discourse community。 They made use of genre as an instrument for analyzing and teaching the spoken and written language required of nonnative speakers in academic and professional settings。 Swales’ analysis (1990) of the discourse rhetorical structure of research article introductions shaped the genre theory in the teaching of ESP。 By employing the notions of move and step, ESP scholars described the discourse structure of texts and related discourse structures to communicative purposes the genres in question served。 Structures were interpreted in terms of the socio-cognitive patterns that most members of a discourse community use to construct and interpret discourses specific to their cultural and institutional norms。 Genre is a formal property of texts, and this attribute enables them to be described as a sequence of segments, or “moves”, each of which represents a stretch of text shaped and constrained by a particular communicative (semantic) function and contributes in some way to serving the more global and general communicative purpose of the genre as a whole。 As a key concept in genre analysis, move is a discourse unit used in research describing the generic structure of a genre。 Made up of a bundle of linguistic features, a move has a uniform orientation and signals the content of discourse through lexical meanings, prepositional meanings, or illocutionary forces, etc。 Each move embodies a series of constituent components, which combine to contain information in the move。 These discourse segments subordinate to move are referred to as “steps” by Swales (1990) to analyze how the writer or speaker chooses to realize or execute the move。 Bhatia (1993) set out that moves are discriminative elements of generic organization and steps are non-discriminative options within the allowable contributions available to an addresser for creative or innovative genre constructing。 The characteristics of moves need to be noted。 Moves in a genre show great variation in terms of their internal structure, length, and connections with other moves。 Some moves and steps in a genre are more common or obligatory, whereas others are optional。 Some of these moves and/or steps make up nuclear categories, while others fulfill a satellite communicative function。 This suggests that the obligatory elements are inevitably constitutive of this genre and the appearance of all these elements in a particular sequence corresponds to the perception of whether the text is complete or incomplete, while others are optional。 According to Parodi (2010), in most genres each move is closely connected to the previous and subsequent ones and different types of links are built from one thematic nucleus to the next。 What can also be found is that some move types and constituent steps have a recursive nature。 This is to say that they can occur more than once in cyclical pattern in a section of text。 Moreover, moves can be embedded into another move type very occasionally。 The cyclical fashion and the embedding phenomenon tend to occur mainly in genres with less constraints and more freedom than the stylized ones。